Basque etymology : Query result

Proto-Basque: *guti

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: few, a little

Bizkaian: (gitxi)

Gipuzkoan: (gutxi)

High Navarrese: guti

Low Navarrese: guti

Salazarese: guttu

Lapurdian: guti, gutti

Baztanese: (gutxi)

Zuberoan: gǘti

Comments: Variants with /č/ have been attributed to expressive palatalization, but more likely to a separate etymon: *giči.

Proto-Basque: *habe

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 beam, rafter 2 column 3 sticks used to prop plants 4 tree 5 pillar

Bizkaian: abe 1, (arc) 4

Gipuzkoan: abe 1, 2

High Navarrese: abe 1, 2, 3

Lapurdian: habe 1

Zuberoan: hábe 1, 5

Comments: Some writers have used this word to denote the (Holy) Cross.

Proto-Basque: *hać

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 breath, breathing 2 stench, stink 3 air, atmosphere 4 anger

Bizkaian: ats 2, egur-ats, egur-as 3, as-erre, as-arre 4

Gipuzkoan: asa 1, ats 2, egur-ats, egur-as 3, as-erre, as-arre 4

High Navarrese: ats 1

Low Navarrese: hats 1, has-erre 4

Lapurdian: hats 1, 2, has-erre, has-arre 4

Baztanese: as-erre, as-arre 4

Zuberoan: hats 1

Roncalese: ats, as 1, 2

Comments: The words for 'air, atmosphere' are literally 'day breath' (*egur-hać), the words for anger probably 'hot breath' (cf. *er̄e 'to burn'). As far as we know, the only NC cognates are in Nakh languages (*ħač̣ 'odor').

Proto-Basque: *Hace

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 back part, posterior 2 stranger, outsider 3 track, footprint 4 tail

Bizkaian: atze 1

Gipuzkoan: atze 1, atze-gi 4

High Navarrese: atze 1

Low Navarrese: hatz 3

Salazarese: atze 2

Lapurdian: atze 2, hatz 3

Zuberoan: atze 2

Comments: For meaning cf. Ubykh ǯa 'back part' (< *'back half').

Proto-Basque: *hac, *be=hac

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 finger 2 fingernail 3 toe 4 hoof 5 thumb 6 inch 7 paw

Bizkaian: atz 1, 6; beatz, biatz 3, atzazal, atzazkol, atzoskol 2

Gipuzkoan: azkazal, azkazkal 4, beatz, biatz 1, 5, beatzal, beatzazal 2

High Navarrese: azkazal 4, beatz, biatz 1, 5

Low Navarrese: hatz 7, behatz 1, 5, (Aldude) bihatz 1, 5

Salazarese: atz 7

Lapurdian: hatz 7, 8, behatz 2, (Ainhoa) behatz 2, 5

Baztanese: beatz-andi 5

Zuberoan: hatz 7, behatz 1, 5, ehi-behatz 5, azazkǘlü, azüzkülü 2

Roncalese: atz 7

Comments: Only some of the many derivates of this prolific root are listed. The homonyms *hac 'track, footprint' and *hac 'breed, race' are separate etyma: see *hace 'back part' and *hasi 'grow', respectively.

Proto-Basque: *(hac)-tapa-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 finger 2 paw 3 claw (of bird), talon 4 (worker's) hand

Bizkaian: atzamar 1

Gipuzkoan: atzapar 3

High Navarrese: atzapar 3, (Esteribar) aztapar 2

Low Navarrese: aztapar 2

Lapurdian: atzapar 3

Baztanese: aztapar 2

Zuberoan: aztápar 2, 4

Roncalese: aztapar 2

Comments: Analyzed here as a compound of Bsq *hac 'finger' (q.v.) + PSC *[ṭ]wǝbí 'finger'. The difficult cluster /tst/ was simplified to /st/ in the East, /ts/ in the West, and in BZK folk etymology has changed the last two syllables to match *hamaṙ ‘ten’ (q.v.).

Proto-Basque: *haga

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: long pole, rod; rod (measurement)

Bizkaian: aga

Gipuzkoan: aga

High Navarrese: aga

Low Navarrese: haga

Lapurdian: haga

Zuberoan: hága

Proto-Basque: *hagin

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 tooth (incisor) 2 to bite 3 molar tooth 4 eye-tooth, canine 5 teeth (teeth and molars)

Bizkaian: agin 1, aginka egin 2

Gipuzkoan: agin 3, ortzagin 4, 5

High Navarrese: agin 3, ortzagin 5

Low Navarrese: hagin 3, ortzagin 5

Lapurdian: hagin 3, ortzagin 5

Zuberoan: hágin 3, ortzagin 5

Roncalese: ortzagin 5

Comments: See also *le-t-hagin 'eye-tooth, canine tooth, fang', *horc 'tooth'.

Proto-Basque: *hag^(w)une ~ *gahune

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: foam, froth

High Navarrese: hagun, (Garazi) agun

Salazarese: agun

Lapurdian: habuiñ, (Ainhoa) haboin

Zuberoan: gahǘn

Roncalese: águn

Proto-Basque: *haice

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 tree 2 suffix on tree names 3 wild tree

Bizkaian: (Markina, Txorierri) zu-gatz 3

Gipuzkoan: (Bidania, Usurbil) zu-gaitz 3, (Andoain) zu-aitz 1

Low Navarrese: zu-haitz 1, -tze 2

Lapurdian: zu-haitz 1

Zuberoan: zü-haitz, zü-haintze 1, -tze 2

Roncalese: atze 1

Comments: ZBR -haintze probably blended with *-hamu (q.v.). Cf. the similar, but originally distinct, *haraic 'oak'. A reduced form *(h)es- appears in some words: see Bsq *es-pel 'box (tree)', *(h)es-kur̄ 'acorn'.

Proto-Basque: *(H)aiɫa

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 tail (of animals) 2 stem (of fruits, leaves)

Bizkaian: ailla 1, 2

Comments: Cf. PEC *χǖɫV 'stalk, grass'.

Proto-Basque: *Hainc-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 (hard) frost 2 very strong ice 3 very cold wind

Bizkaian: antzigar, (Oñate) aintzigar, (Orozko) intziar 2, (Galdakano) 3

Gipuzkoan: antzigar, intziar, (Andoain) aintzigar

Comments: A compound of *Hainc- + *eihar̄ 'dry'. Cf. PNC *jămʒĂ 'snow'.

Proto-Basque: *hai(n)cur̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hoe 2 spade 3 pickax, mattock

Bizkaian: atxur 2

Gipuzkoan: aitzur 2

High Navarrese: aitzur 2

Low Navarrese: haitzur, aintzur 1, 2

Lapurdian: haintzur 2

Zuberoan: háitzür 1, 2, 3

Roncalese: aintzur 1

Comments: It is unclear whether the words mean 'hoe' or 'spade': Span. azada can mean either. Larrasquet (1939) has 'pioche (mais non bêche ni houe)' (for ZBR). Jacobsen (1995: 131) mentions "Eastern forms for 'hoe' ... (h)aintzur, antxur, and altxur," and mentions the association (probably secondary) with *ɦaic 'rock' (q.v.). Several external parallels are possible: PNC *HăjʒV̄ 'chisel'; PNC *Hrājc_ū 'wooden plow, mattock'; PEC *ɦwālźV 'axe'; or *=ämźŬ 'to plow, sow', or perhaps some contamination between two or more of these. *hai(n)cur̄ may have influenced *haiskora 'axe' (usually derived from Lat. asciola). Cf. also Trask (1997: 289).

Proto-Basque: *hain, *honi

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 so, so much 2 many, much 3 complete, complete number

Bizkaian: ain 1

Gipuzkoan: ain 1, anitz 2

High Navarrese: ain 1, (Esteribar) anitz 2

Low Navarrese: hain 1, hanitz 2, honi 3

Salazarese: anitz 2

Lapurdian: hain 1, anhitz 2

Aezkoan: anitz 2

Zuberoan: hain, han 1, hanitx 2

Roncalese: ain 1, anitx 2

Comments: H. Berger (1956) compared Bsq honi with Bur. *jṓn.

Proto-Basque: *hai(n)sto / hai(n)stu-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 knife 2 (large) shears 3 pincers, pliers

High Navarrese: ainzto 1, aiztur 2

Low Navarrese: haiztur 2, haixtur 2

Salazarese: aiztur 2

Lapurdian: haiztur 2, haixtur 2

Baztanese: aiztur 2

Zuberoan: háxtür 2

Roncalese: ainzto, aizto 1, aiztur, aizter, ainzter 2, ainztur 3

Comments: Apparently some of these words and Bsq *hai(n)cu-r̄ ‘hoe, axe’ (q.v.) have cross-contaminated with each other and with *ɦaic ‘rock’ (q.v.).

Proto-Basque: *ha, *ha-u(r)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: this (near deictic)

Bizkaian: au

Gipuzkoan: au

High Navarrese: au, (Elkano) gau

Low Navarrese: hau, haur

Salazarese: kau

Lapurdian: hau

Baztanese: au

Aezkoan: gau

Zuberoan: hau(r)

Roncalese: kau(r)

Proto-Basque: *ha[l]i

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: thread, yarn, wire

Bizkaian: ari / al-

Gipuzkoan: ari / al-

High Navarrese: ari / al-

Low Navarrese: hari / hal-

Lapurdian: hari / hal-

Zuberoan: hari / hal-

Roncalese: ari / al-

Comments: The variant *hal- appears in derivates and compounds, e.g. haliko (BNV), halliko (ZBR), aliko (RNC) 'ball of thread'. Cf. PEC *χ_āɫV 'sinew, thread'.

Proto-Basque: *hama-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ten

Bizkaian: amar, ama-

Gipuzkoan: amar, ama-

High Navarrese: amar, ama-

Low Navarrese: hamar, hama-

Lapurdian: hamar, hama-

Zuberoan: hámar, hama-

Roncalese: amar, ama-

Comments: Cf. PEC *χ_ŏmHχ_ɨ ~ *mHŏχ_ɨ 'handful'. 'Ten' < 'hand' is common in the world's languages.

Proto-Basque: *ha[m]ar̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: worm

Bizkaian: aar, (arc) haar

Gipuzkoan: ar

High Navarrese: ar

Low Navarrese: har

Lapurdian: har

Zuberoan: har

Roncalese: ãr

Comments: haar was an Old BZK recording from 1596 (Michelena 1961: 114). Evidence for nasal only in RNC. Words for worms, snakes, lizards often show irregular reflexes: cf. *linda(ra), *śuśker̄ 'lizard', *erluli 'salamander'.

Proto-Basque: *hamu

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tree

Low Navarrese: zu-hamu

Lapurdian: zu-hamu

Zuberoan: zü-hain, zü-háñ, zü-háintze

Comments: Cf. PNC *ʁwōnV 'tree'. Compound with *sul (q.v.). ZBR zü-háintze seems to be contaminated with *haice 'tree' (q.v.).